The term manufacture refers to the processing of raw materials or parts into finished goods through the use of tools, human labor, machinery, and chemical processing. Manufacturing allows businesses to sell finished products at a higher cost than the value of the raw materials used.

Testing is the process of  verifing whether the design was manufactured correctly. This is mainly due to the fact that the fabrication process is unfortunately imperfect, thus giving rise to defects in chips.

Distributed manufacturing also known as distributed production, cloud producing and local manufacturing is a form of decentralized manufacturing practiced by enterprises using a network of geographically dispersed manufacturing facilities that are coordinated using information technology.